Ligand Lipophilicity Efficiency

Given the role of lipophilicity in influencing drug potency, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity reviewed above, it was proposed that chemists should target increased ligand lipophilicity efficiency, LLE, as an important objective for lead generation and optimization programs 6 . LLE, or Lipophilic ligand efficiency, LipE 10 , was defined as in Equation 1 below and is the ratio of compound potency to lipophilicity or, put another way, the quantity of potency per unit of lipophilicity. Note that both...

2 Mammography Grid Styles

The grid, placed between breast and image receptor, absorbs scattered x rays and improves contrast (Figure 2.31), enabling the border of the glandular tissue to appear more crisply defined. Even so, the grid does not eliminate the need for firm compression, which spreads the tissue apart and permits the borders of small lesions to be perceived (Figure 2.32). The breast should be compressed as firmly as the patient permits. Previously, many radiologists used the grid only for patients with dense...

Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Brams, md Introduction Pathophysiology of Gerd Symptoms of Gerd Indications for Surgery Contraindications to Surgery Preoperative Evaluation Laparoscopic Fundoplication Conduct of Operation Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common problems seen in medical practice. Approximately 10 of the U.S. population experiences heartburn daily, and 40 of the population has heartburn monthly. Seven percent of the population (40 million individuals) use...

Seed Surface Sterilization and Germination

Maize seeds are soaked in sterile water overnight and surface-sterilized by washing with 90 ethanol for a few seconds and either with 0.01 mercuric chloride solution for 10 min or with 4 (v v) NaOCl for 15 min, then washed five times with sterile distilled water and finally rinsed with 70 (v v) ethanol for 30 s. This is followed by a quick treatment with 15 (v v) NaOCl chemicals adhered are removed by repeated rinsing with sterile distilled water (or a better alternative method can be used as...

Carrier Mediated Transport

The processes of membrane transport described up to this point do not necessarily require a cell membrane they can occur just as well through artificial membranes. We now, however, come to processes for which a cell membrane is essential, because they employ transport proteins to get through the membrane. Thus, the next two processes are cases of carrier-mediated transport. The carriers act like enzymes in some ways The solute is a ligand that binds to a specific receptor site on the carrier,...

Types and Distribution of Hair

A hair is also known as a pilus PY-lus in the plural, pili PY-lye . It is a slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a follicle fig. 6.8 . Hair is found everywhere on the body except the lips, nipples, parts of the genitals, palmar and plantar skin, lateral surfaces of the fingers, toes, and feet, and Figure 6.8 Structure of a Hair and Its Follicle. a Anatomy of the follicle and associated structures. b Light micrograph of the base of a hair...

The Coxal Joint

The coxal hip joint is the point where the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the os coxae fig. 9.21 . Because the coxal joints bear much of the body's weight, they have deep sockets and are much more stable than the shoulder joint. The depth of the socket is somewhat greater than you see on dried bones because of a horseshoe-shaped Saladin Anatomy amp I 9. Joints I Text I I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Companies, 2003 Form and Function, Third Edition Joint capsule...

The Importance of External Anatomy

In the study of human anatomy, it is easy to become so preoccupied with internal structure that we forget the importance of what we can see and feel externally. Yet external anatomy and appearance are major concerns in giving a physical examination and in many aspects of patient care. A knowledge of the body's surface landmarks is essential to one's competence in physical therapy, cardiopul-monary resuscitation, surgery, making X rays and electrocardiograms, giving injections, drawing blood,...

Oxygen Debt

You have probably noticed that you breathe heavily not only during a strenuous exercise but also for several minutes afterwards. This is because your body accrues an oxygen debt that must be repaid. Oxygen debt is the difference between the resting rate of oxygen consumption and the elevated rate following an exercise it is also known as excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The total amount of extra oxygen consumed after a strenuous exercise is typically about 11 L. It is used for the...

Action Potentials

An action potential is a more dramatic change produced by voltage-regulated ion gates in the plasma membrane. Action potentials occur only where there is a high enough density of voltage-regulated gates. Most of the soma has only 50 to 75 gates per square micrometer m2 and cannot generate action potentials. The trigger zone, however, has 350 to 500 gates per m2. If an excitatory local potential spreads all the way to the trigger zone and is still strong enough when it arrives, it can open these...

Myelinated Fibers

Matters are somewhat different in myelinated fibers, because voltage-regulated ion gates are scarce in the myelin-covered internodes fewer than 25 per m2 in these regions compared with 2,000 to 12,000 per m2 at the nodes of Ranvier. There would be little point in having ion gates in the internodes myelin insulates the fiber from the ECF at these points, and sodium ions from the ECF could not flow into the cell even if more gates were present. The only way a nerve signal can travel along an...

An Excitatory Cholinergic Synapse

A cholinergic26 CO-lin-UR-jic synapse employs acetyl-choline ACh as its neurotransmitter. ACh excites some postsynaptic cells such as skeletal muscle chapter 11 and inhibits others, but here we will consider an excitatory action. The steps in transmission at such a synapse are as follows fig. 12.19 1. The arrival of a nerve signal at the synaptic knob opens voltage-regulated calcium gates. 2. Ca2 enters the synaptic knob and triggers exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles, releasing ACh. 3. Empty...

Review of Key Concepts Owo

Overview of the Nervous System p. 444 1. The nervous and endocrine systems are the body's two main systems of internal communication and physiological coordination. Study of the nervous system, or neuroscience, includes neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and clinical neurology. 2. The nervous system receives information from receptors, integrates information, and issues commands to effectors. 3. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system CNS and peripheral nervous system PNS ....

Wwwmhhecomsaladin3 Mrr

The Online Learning Center provides a wealth of information fully organized and integrated by chapter. You will find practice quizzes, interactive activities, labeling exercises, flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding of anatomy and physiology. Saladin Anatomy amp I 12. Nervous Tissue I Text I I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Companies, 2003 Saladin Anatomy amp I 12. Nervous Tissue I Text I I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Companies,...

Isolation Of Bacteria From Specimens

As discussed in detail throughout Part VII, the cultivation of bacteria from infections at various body sites is accomplished by inoculating processed specimens directly onto artificial media. The media are summarized in Table 7-1 and incubation conditions are selected for their ability to support the growth of the bacteria most likely to be involved in the infectious process. To enhance the growth, isolation, and selection of etiologic agents, specimen inocula are usually spread over the...

What Is The Physiology Of Nails

Fingernails and toenails are clear, hard derivatives of the stratum corneum. They are composed of very thin, dead, scalelike cells, densely packed together and filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin. Most mammals have claws, whereas flat nails are one of the distinguishing characteristics of primates. Flat nails allow for more fleshy and sensitive fingertips, while they also serve as strong keratinized tools that can be used for digging, grooming, picking apart food, and other...

Visual Survey of the Body

Figures A.12 through A.16 provide an overview of the anatomy of the trunk and internal organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Figures A.17 through A.22 are photographs of the cadaver showing the major organs of the dorsal and ventral body cavities. Figure A.10 Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity. Sagittal section, left lateral view. Is the urinary bladder in the peritoneal cavity Saladin Anatomy amp I Atlas A General I Text I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Orientation...

Burns Physiology

Burns are the leading cause of accidental death. They are usually caused by fires, kitchen spills, or excessively hot bath water, but they also can be caused by sunlight, ionizing radiation, strong acids and bases, or electrical shock. Burn deaths result primarily from fluid loss, infection, and the toxic effects of eschar ESS-car the burned, dead tissue. Chapter 6 The Integumentary System 209 Chapter 6 The Integumentary System 209 Figure 6.12 Skin Cancer. a Basal cell carcinoma. fa Squamous...

Stratum Spinosum

The stratum spinosum spy-NO-sum consists of several layers of keratinocytes. The deepest cells undergo mitosis and contribute to the replacement of epidermal cells that exfoliate from the surface. As they are pushed farther 2F. S. Merkel 1845-1919 , German anatomist Saladin Anatomy amp Physiology The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition Figure 6.1 Structure of the Skin and Its Derivatives. Apocrine sweat gland Merocrine sweat gland Figure 6.1 Structure of the Skin and Its Derivatives....

Interactions Between the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems

Indicates ways in which this system affects other systems indicates ways in which other systems affect this one Bones lying close to body surfaces shape the skin Initiates synthesis of vitamin D needed for bone deposition Bones provide leverage and sites of attachment for muscles provide calcium needed for muscle contraction Muscles move bones stress produced by muscles affects patterns of ossification and remodeling, as well as shape of mature bones Cranium and vertebral column protect brain...

Interactions Between the Muscular System and Other Organ Systems

Indicates ways in which this system affects other systems Indicates ways in which other systems affect this one Facial muscles pull on skin to provide facial expressions Covers and protects superficial muscles initiates synthesis of calcitriol, which promotes absorption of calcium needed for muscle contraction dissipates heat generated by muscles Muscles move and stabilize joints and produce stress that affects ossification, bone remodeling, and shapes of mature bones Provides levers that...

Muscular Tissue

Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells that are specialized to respond to stimulation by contracting thus, its primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs for example, when a skeletal muscle pulls on a bone, the heart contracts and expels blood, or the bladder contracts and expels urine. Not only do movements of the body and its limbs depend on muscle, but so do such Saladin Anatomy amp I 5. Histology I Text I I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Companies, 2003...

The cancer chemotherapy scam

The Chemotherapy scam Something is very wrong Where is the oversite structure to protect patients from unneeded treatments Why isn't there a reward system for whistle blowers Answer is simple our corporatist state is against effective regulations that affect corporate profits. We went from managed Keynesian capitalism to laissez fare capitalism.

Types of Synovial Joints

There are six types of synovial joints with distinctive patterns of motion determined by the shapes of the articular Figure 9.6 Structure of a Simple Synovial Joint. Why is a meniscus unnecessary in an interphalangeal joint Saladin Anatomy amp I 9. Joints I Text I I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Companies, 2003 Form and Function, Third Edition Figure 9.7 Tendon Sheaths and Other Bursae in the Hand and Wrist. Figure 9.7 Tendon Sheaths and Other Bursae in the Hand and Wrist. surfaces of...

Poliomyelitis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Poliomyelitis17 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis18 ALS are two diseases that involve destruction of motor neurons. In both diseases, the skeletal muscles atrophy from lack of innervation. Poliomyelitis is caused by the poliovirus, which destroys motor neurons in the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord. Signs of polio include muscle pain, weakness, and loss of some reflexes, followed by paralysis, muscular atrophy, and sometimes respiratory arrest. The virus spreads by fecal...

Sweat Glands

Each is a simple tubular gland with a twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis and an undulating or coiled duct leading to a sweat pore on the skin surface. This duct is lined by a stratified cuboidal epithelium in the dermis and by keratinocytes in the epidermis. Amid the secretory cells at the deep end of the gland, there are specialized myoep-ithelial29 cells with properties similar to smooth muscle. They contract in response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct.

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

The discovery that HDACs are involved in cancer, together with the knowledge that the activities of these enzymes could be inhibited by small molecules has prompted a great deal of research with the goal of the discovery of new drugs. Structurally, a wide variety of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) exist and can be Table 1 Structural groups of HDAC inhibitors Table 1 Structural groups of HDAC inhibitors Trichostatin A (TSA), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) Butyrate, phenylbutyrate, valproic acid...

Machine Perfusion Preservation

The development of ex vivo perfusion as a means of sustaining organ function was extensively evaluated by the Nobel prize-winning scientist Alexis Carrel and the aviator technologist Charles A. Lindbergh in the 1940s. Their aim was to simulate normal physiologic conditions with ex vivo perfusion techniques.219 This concept was modified by Ackermann and Barnard,220 who provided the isolated organs with continuous low-flow arterial circulation, using a perfusate primed with blood and oxygenated...

FRS Health Energy: What is Quercetin?

What do Pro Volleyball, Lance Armstrong, and Motor Sports have in common Besides making us feel like we should get off the couch more, all of them are sponsored by a revolutionary energy drink that promises to produce more real energy. Real energy It turns out we can blame sleep deprivation for America's craving for alternative energy.

Assessment of STR profiles

DNA profiles generated from casework samples require some experience to interpret. Guidelines have evolved to assist with the interpretation of STR profiles, ensuring that the results are robust and consistent this is especially important when dealing with samples that contain very small amounts of DNA, degraded DNA or mixtures of profiles that come from two or more individuals - all situations that complicate interpretation. This chapter explores a number of artefacts that can occur in DNA...

Physiological Variation

Earlier we considered the clinical importance of variations in human anatomy, but physiology is even more variable. Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, and environment, among other things. Failure to consider such variation leads to medical mistakes such as overmedication of the elderly or medicating women on the basis of research that was done on men. If an introductory textbook states a typical human heart rate, blood pressure, red blood...

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

Nerve fibers of the PNS are vulnerable to cuts, crushing injuries, and other trauma. A damaged peripheral nerve fiber can regenerate, however, if its soma is intact and at least some neurilemma remains. Within the first few weeks after injury, the severed distal end of an axon and its myelin sheath degenerate and macrophages remove the debris fig. 12.8 . A regeneration tube, formed by the neurilemma and endoneurium, is necessary for regeneration. The axon stump puts out several sprouts until...

Contraction Strength of Twitches

As long as the voltage of an artificial stimulus delivered directly to a muscle is at threshold or higher, a muscle gives a complete twitch. Increasing the voltage still more does not cause the twitches to become any stronger. There are other factors, however, that can produce stronger twitches. Indeed, an individual twitch is not strong enough to do any useful work. Muscles must be able to contract with variable strength differently in lifting a glass of champagne than in lifting a heavy...

Muscles Acting on the Scapula

The scapula is loosely attached to the thoracic cage and is capable of considerable movement rotation as in raising and lowering the apex of the shoulder , elevation and depression as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders , and protraction and retraction pulling the shoulders forward or back fig. 10.21 . The clavicle braces the shoulder and moderates these movements. 1 Saladin Anatomy amp 1 10. The Muscular System 1 Text 1 1 Physiology The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition Table 10.7...

The Skull in Infancy and Childhood

The head of an infant could not fit through the mother's pelvic outlet at birth were it not for the fact that the bones of its skull are not yet fused. The shifting of the skull bones during birth may cause the infant to appear deformed, but the head soon assumes a more normal shape. Spaces between the unfused cranial bones are called fontanels,32 after the fact that pulsation of the infant's blood can be felt there. The bones are joined at these points only by fibrous membranes, in which...

General Features of Bones

Knowing the terms used to describe a long bone will help you to understand the anatomy of the other types. Figure 7.2a shows a longitudinal section through a long bone. You will note immediately that much of it is composed of a cylinder of dense white osseous tissue this is called compact dense bone. The cylinder encloses a space called the medullary MED-you-lerr-ee cavity, which contains bone marrow. At the ends of the bone, the central space is occupied by a more loosely organized form of...

Urethritis Cervicitis and Vaginitis

This discussion focuses only on those specimens submitted for culture and or direct examination. Procedures for the collection and transport of specimens for detection of agents by other non-cultural methods (e.g., detection of Chlamydia tracho- matis by amplification) should be followed according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. Refer to Table 5-1 for a review of collection, transport, and processing of genital tract specimens. Urethral. Urethral discharge...

Definition And Function Of Chemical Food Preservatives

Since prehistoric times, chemicals have been added to preserve freshly harvested foods for later use. Drying, cooling, fermenting, and heating have always been the primary methods used to prolong the shelf life of food products. Whereas some chemical food preservatives, such as salt, nitrites, and sulfites, have been in use for many years, most others have seen extensive use only recently. One of the reasons for increased use of chemical preservatives has been the change in the ways foods are...

Clinical Clues to Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria are common and may be serious and life-threatening. Anaerobes are the predominant components of the bacterial flora of normal human skin and mucous membranes, and are therefore a common cause of bacterial infections of endogenous origin. Infections due to anaerobic bacteria can evolve all body systems and sites 1 . The predominant ones include abdominal, pelvic, respiratory, and skin and soft tissues infections. Because of their fastidious nature, they...

Production of Beta Lactamase

BL hydrolyzes the cyclic amide bond of the penicillin or cephalosporin nucleus, causing its inactivation. A variety of BLs which are produced by different organisms and can be exoenzymes, inducible or constitutive and can be of either chromosomal or plasmid origin (44). There are different classifications of the enzymes.

Anaerobes as Part of the Human Indigenous Microbial Flora

The human mucous and epithelial surfaces are colonized with aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms 1 . These surfaces are the skin, conjunctiva, mouth, nose, throat, lower intestinal tract, vagina, and the urethra. The trachea, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, and upper urinary tract are not normally colonized by indigenous flora. However, a limited number of transient organisms may by present at these locations. Differences in the environment, such as oxygen tension and pH and variations in...

Endometritis and Pyometra

Endometritis and pyometra are seen more commonly in older females who suffer from cervical canal obstruction or carcinoma or following delivery. However, they can also be seen occasionally in adolescent females. Endometritis occurs when bacteria invade the uterine cavity, and pyometra develops when pus is collected within the uterus. Regardless of the etiology, anaerobes are predominant in endometritis and pyometra. Hillier et al. (26) obtained endometrial biopsies for histologic and...

Virulence of Anaerobic Bacteria and the Role of Capsule

Most anaerobic infections are pyogenic and arise from the normal flora of the skin, oropharynx, the large intestine, or the female genital tract. Such infections typically involve multiple species of bacteria, some strict anaerobes, some strict aerobes and others that are facultative anaerobes i.e., able to grow aerobically or anaerobically . The polymicrobial nature of infections involving anaerobic bacteria is apparent in infections of the respiratory tract, abdomen, pelvis, and soft tissue,...

Bi-metronidazole 400 Tablets

The anaerobic microflora of the human body. Clin Infect Dis 1993 16(4) S175-80. 2. Finegold SM. Anaerobic infections in humans an overview. Anaerobe 1995 1 3-9. 3. Hecht DW. Anaerobes antibiotic resistance, clinical significance, and the role of susceptibility testing. Anaerobe 2006 12 115-21. 4. Jousimies-Somer HR, Summanen P, Baron EJ, Citron DM, Wexler HM, Finegold SM. Wadsworth-KTL Anaerobic Bacteriology Manual. 6th ed. Belmont, CA Star Publishing, 2002. 5. Snydman DR, Cuchural...

Fusobacterium Species

Cells of Fusobacterium spp. are moderately long and thin with tapered ends and have typical fusiform morphology. The species of Fusobacterium seen most often in clinical infections are Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, and Fusobacterium varium. F. nucleatum is the predominant Fusobacterium from clinical specimens, often associated with infections of the mouth, lung (38,60), and brain (37). They are often isolated from abscesses, obstetrical and...

Body Fat Distribution

The traditional view of adipose tissue is simply a reservoir for desposition of excess calories only has not been valid for years. It is very true that adipocytes serve as a major tissue for energy storage and there is complications associated with obesity. From reference 1, with permission Gallstones, pancreatitis, abdominal hernia, NAFLD* (steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis), and possibly GERDf Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes...

Abelson murine leukemia virus

(AbMLV) An acutely transforming strain of Murine leukemia virus in the genus Gammaretrovirus isolated from pred-nisolone-treated BALB c mice inoculated with Moloney leukemia virus. It has a short latent period and produces lymphoid leukemia of B-cell type. It can transform 3T3 mouse cells in vitro. Requires a helper virus for complete virus replication. Risser R et al (1982) Biochim Biophys Acta 651, 213 abl gene The oncogene of Abelson murine leukemia virus. The gene product, a 160 kDa fusion...

Cranial Bones

The cranial cavity is enclosed by the cranium4 braincase , which protects the brain and associated sensory organs. Cranial bones are those that directly contact the meninges around the brain. There are eight of these 1 frontal bone 1 occipital bone 2 parietal bones 1 sphenoid bone 2 temporal bones 1 ethmoid bone The cranium is a rigid structure with an opening, the foramen magnum literally large hole , where the spinal cord enters. An important consideration in treatment of head injuries is...

Threshold Latent Period and Twitch

Muscle contraction has often been studied and demonstrated using the gastrocnemius calf muscle of a frog, which can easily be isolated from the leg along with its connected sciatic nerve see insight 11.3 . This nerve-muscle preparation can be attached to stimulating electrodes and to a recording device that produces a myogram, a chart of the timing and strength of the muscle's contraction. A sufficiently weak electrical stimulus to a muscle causes no contraction. By gradually increasing the...

Approaches To Health Promotion

Both Ewles and Simnett (2003) and Naidoo and Wills (2000) suggest that there are five key approaches to health-promotion work, each reflecting different objectives and ways of working. Table 7 explores each of these approaches using examples from sexual health. Broadly speaking the above approaches fall into two main categories - firstly, those that focus on the individual and, arguably, to be successful require clients to modify their behaviour and secondly, those methods that employ...

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate ATP is the body's most important energy-transfer molecule. It briefly stores energy gained from exergonic reactions such as glucose oxidation and releases it within seconds for physiological work such as polymerization reactions, muscle contraction, and pumping ions through cell membranes. The second and third phosphate groups of ATP are attached to the rest of the molecule by high-energy covalent bonds traditionally indicated by a wavy line in the molecular formula....

What is Actonel risedronate Is it like Fosamax alendronate

Actonel (risedronate) is another bisphosphonate prescribed to reduce bone turnover to treat or prevent osteoporosis. It can be taken either daily as 5 mg tablets, or weekly as 35 mg tablets. Like other bisphosphonates, you must be conscientious about following the guidelines listed in Question 57 for taking Fosamax or any bisphosphonate medication. You must take Actonel with PLAIN water on an empty stomach and remain upright (sitting or standing) for 30 minutes. Actonel must be taken prior to...

Genes and Alleles

The location of a particular gene on a chromosome is called its locus. Homologous chromosomes have the same gene at the same locus, although they may carry different forms of that gene, called alleles12 ah-LEELS , which produce alternative forms of a particular trait. Frequently, one allele is dominant and the other one recessive. If at least one chromosome carries the dominant allele, the corresponding trait is usually detectable in the individual. A...

Muscles Acting on the Foot

The fleshy mass of the leg proper below the knee is formed by a group of crural muscles, which act on the foot fig. 10.35 table 10.19 . These muscles are tightly bound together by deep fasciae, which compress them and aid in the return of blood from the legs. The fasciae separate the crural muscles into anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with its own nerve and blood supply. Muscles of the anterior compartment dorsiflex the ankle and prevent the toes from scuffing the ground...

Testing Your Recall Mnl

Which of the following muscles is the prime mover in spitting out a mouthful of liquid 2. Each muscle fiber has a sleeve of areolar connective tissue around it called 3. Which of these is not a suprahyoid muscle 4. Which of these muscles is an extensor of the neck 5. Which of these muscles of the pelvic floor is the deepest a. superficial transverse perineus 6. Which of these actions is not performed by the trapezius 7. Both the hands and feet are acted upon by a muscle or muscles called c....

Collection Transportation and Processing of Specimens for Culture

The perception that anaerobes have little or no role in many infections originates from the fact that many past studies did not attempt to identify such a role or used improper methods for collecting specimens for anaerobes. Therefore, carefully assessing studies for methodological properties before judging their ability to determine the role of anaerobes in an infectious process is essential. Multiple examples of differences in the rate of recovery of anaerobic bacteria between studies that...

Anterior Nasal Spine Surgery

Ewaldo Bol var de Souza Pinto, Priscila C.S.P. Abdalla, Rodrigo P.M. de Souza, Eduardo Hentschel, Sergio Pita The study of the anatomy of the nasolabial region has been very important in the last few years because it has contributed to the aesthetic rhinoplasty concerning the search for harmony between the nose and the upper lip, and more importantly, the smile 1 . Inspired by other surgeons' experience in the treatment of Negroid nose, in which the substantial subperiosteal displacement for...

Isometric and Isotonic Contraction

In muscle physiology, contraction does not always mean the shortening of a muscle it may mean only that the muscle is producing internal tension while an external resistance causes it to stay the same length or even to become longer. Thus, physiologists speak of different kinds of muscle contraction as isometric versus isotonic and concentric versus eccentric. Saladin Anatomy amp I 11. Muscular Tissue I Text I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Companies, 2003 Form and Function, Third...

Universal Characteristics of Muscle

The functions of muscular tissue were detailed in the preceding chapter movement, stability, communication, control of body openings and passages, and heat production. To carry out those functions, all muscular tissue has the following characteristics Responsiveness excitability . Responsiveness is a property of all living cells, but muscle and nerve cells have developed this property to the highest degree. When stimulated by chemical signals neurotransmitters , stretch, and other stimuli,...

Muscles of Chewing and Swallowing

The following muscles contribute to facial expression and speech but are primarily concerned with manipulation of food, including tongue movements, chewing, and swallowing table 10.3 . Saladin Anatomy amp Physiology The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus minor Zygomaticus major Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Figure 10.7 Muscles of Facial Expression. What muscle occupies the glabella Levator scapulae Thyrohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid...

Function of Sebum

In animals, sebum may provide odor it contains pheromones and may also condition the hair. However, in humans, the function of sebum is unclear (5) and it has been speculated that the sebaceous glands are vestigial (20). There is now an increasing body of evidence indicating that the sebaceous gland and the components of sebum play a crucial role in the homeostasis of skin (6). Sebum transports vitamin E, a lipophilic antioxidant, to the skin surface where it may play a key role in protecting...

General Features of the Vertebral Column

The vertebral VUR-teh-brul column physically supports the skull and trunk, allows for their movement, protects the spinal cord, and absorbs stresses produced by walking, running, and lifting. It also provides attachment for the limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles. Although commonly called the backbone, it does not consist of a single bone but a chain of 33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them. The adult vertebral column averages about 71 cm 28 in....

Muscles of Facial Expression

One of the most striking contrasts between a human face and that of a rat, horse, or dog, for example, is the variety and subtlety of human facial expression. This is made possible by a complex array of small muscles that insert in the Saladin Anatomy amp I 10. The Muscular System I Text I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Companies, 2003 Form and Function, Third Edition Digiti of a finger or toe, singular Digitorum of the fingers or toes, plural Saladin Anatomy amp Physiology The Unity...

Anatomical Position

Anatomical position is a stance in which a person stands erect with the feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, and the palms, face, and eyes facing forward fig. A.1 . This position provides a precise and standard frame of reference for anatomical description and dissection. Without such a frame of reference, to say that a structure such as the sternum, thymus, or aorta is above the heart would be vague, since it would depend on whether the subject was standing, lying face down, or lying...

Types of Fibrous Connective Tissue

Fibrous connective tissue is divided into two broad categories according to the relative abundance of fiber loose and dense connective tissue. In loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance, which is dissolved out of the tissue during histological fixation and leaves empty space in prepared tissue sections. The loose connective tissues we will discuss are areolar, reticular, and adipose tissue. In dense connective tissue, fiber occupies more space than the cells...

Electrically Excitable Cells

Muscle fibers and neurons are regarded as electrically excitable cells because their plasma membranes exhibit voltage changes in response to stimulation. The study of the electrical activity of cells, called electrophysiology, is a key to understanding nervous activity, muscle contraction, the heartbeat, and other physiological phenomena. The details of electrophysiology are presented in chapter 12, but a few fundamental principles must be introduced here so you can understand muscle...

Conduction Speed of Nerve Fibers

The speed at which a nerve signal travels along a nerve fiber depends on two factors the diameter of the nerve fiber and the presence or absence of myelin. Signal conduction occurs along the surface of a fiber, not deep within its axoplasm. Larger fibers have more surface area and conduct signals more rapidly than smaller fibers. Myelin further speeds signal conduction for reasons discussed later. Nerve signals travel about 0.5 to 2.0 m sec in small unmyelinated fibers (2-4 m in diameter) and 3...

Ascending Tracts

Ascending tracts carry sensory signals up the spinal cord. Sensory signals typically travel across three neurons from their origin in the receptors to their destination in the sensory areas of the brain a first-order neuron that detects a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brain-stem a second-order neuron that continues as far as a gateway called the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem and a third-order neuron that carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory...

Crossed-extensor Diagram

Branch to brachial plexus Phrenic nerve Segmental branch Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Lesser occipital nerve Great auricular nerve Transverse cervical nerve Segmental branch Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Lesser occipital nerve Great auricular nerve Transverse cervical nerve Branch to brachial plexus Phrenic nerve Saladin Anatomy & I 13. The Spinal Cord, Spinal I Text I The McGraw-Hill Physiology The Unity of Nerves, and Somatic Companies, 2003 Form and Function, Third Reflexes Edition 498 Part Three...

Osseous Tissue and pH Balance

The urinary, respiratory, and skeletal systems cooperate to maintain the body's acid-base balance. If the pH of the blood drops below 7.35, a state of acidosis exists and triggers corrective mechanisms in these three organ systems. The role of the skeleton is to release calcium phosphate. As a base, calcium phosphate helps to prevent the blood pH from dropping lower. Patients with chronic kidney disease may have impaired hydrogen ion excretion in the urine. Their pH stabilizes at a level below...

Lucretius, Roman Poet and Philosopher

Lucretius, the Roman poet and philosopher, is one of the giant of the Reformation, because most of them study his work and a number of them praised him. The great Latin didactic poet. Our sole information concerning his life is found in the brief summary of Jerome, written more than four centuries after the poet's death.

Vesicle Docking and Fusion with the Vacuole

Once the double-membrane vesicle is formed, it is targeted to the vacuole for the fusion process. Molecular genetic studies have indicated that the machinery involved in homotypic vacuole fusion is also essential for the fusion of autophagosomes and Cvt vesicles with the vacuole (Fig. 9).

Rhytidoplasty Step by Step

Volumetric sculpturing of the lower two thirds of the face and neck is the contemporary attempt to beautify the facial appearance which has been called for many decades classic facelift. Since the 1970s we have done it in two layers, including superficial musculo-apo-neurotic system SMAS manoeuvres, and since the early 1990s the third dimension has been included and we have started to think and act volumetrically. At home, before coming to the clinic or office, patients are advised to take...

What about the new lowdose hormone patch Menostar estradiol that is used to prevent osteoporosis

Menostar (estradiol) was FDA-approved in 2004 for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is a dime-sized transdermal patch that delivers about 14 micrograms of estrogen per day. A new patch is applied every week. Because your body absorbs the estrogen from the patch through the skin, you can avoid the liver first-pass effect, meaning that the hormone is not metabolized through your liver. Instead, it can go directly into the bloodstream. The estrogen that is used in this patch is...

Treatment of Venous Sinus Obstruction

In most cases of PTS spontaneous resolution of the condition will occur. In these cases, removal of any offending agent such as tetracyclines, conventional medical therapy including acetazolamide and or steroids, and intermittent lumbar punctures will enable sufficient control of the condition until spontaneous resolution occurs. However, consideration should be considered to more aggressive intervention when the condition is refractory to medical therapy, it does not undergo spontaneous...

Multiple System Atrophy Fiy

MSA has been separated into MSA-P and MSA-C according to the predominant parkinsonian or cerebellar features. The former corresponds to the old term striatonigral degeneration (SND), the latter to sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). The term Shy-Drager syndrome is no longer been considered useful by the Consensus Conference on MSA (11), but a proposal to introduce the term MSA-A (autonomic features-predominant MSA) was recently made by Horimoto et al. (12) to indicate those MSA...

Effects Of Microbial Contamination On Milk Quality

The presence and growth of bacteria in milk affects milk quality. Chemical components of milk can be degraded by bacterial metabolism and various enzymes secreted by bacteria. Products of these degradation reactions can have undesirable effects on milk structure, smell, and taste. Lactose present in milk is readily fermented by lactic acid bacteria, resulting in sour flavor notes and, if the pH of milk drops below 4.6, precipitation of casein proteins (Bylund, 1995 Jay, 2000). Fermentative...

MS Plaque Types

Based on the topographical distribution of the macrophages and their immunoreac-tivity for minor and major myelin protein degradation products, several active MS plaque types can be distinguished (Fig. 2). The acute active plaque is characterized by the synchronous destruction of myelin, with all the macrophages containing early and late myelin degradation products distributed evenly throughout the lesion. The chronic active plaque consists of numerous macrophages clustered at the radially...

Descending Tracts

Descending tracts carry motor signals down the brainstem and spinal cord. A descending motor pathway typically involves two neurons called the upper and lower motor neuron. The upper motor neuron begins with a soma in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and has an axon that terminates on a lower motor neuron in the brainstem or spinal cord. The axon of the lower motor neuron then leads the rest of the way to the muscle or other target organ. The names of most descending tracts consist of a word...

Headaches: Why Won't My Head Stop Pounding?

They have an infallible ability to ruin an otherwise stellar day. Before you can treat the awful day-buster, we need to figure out exactly what type of headache you're suffering from. Headaches come in two varieties primary & secondary. Primary headaches, including migraine, tension-type and cluster, exist without outside influence.

Other cutaneous pseudolymphomas

Besides the cutaneous pseudolymphomas discussed in the Fig. 20.46 Reactive angioendotheliomatosis (intravascular histiocytosis). Dilated blood vessels in the superficial dermis, some filled with large histiocytes, simulating the picture of intravascular large cell (angiotropic) lymphoma. previous paragraphs, the occurrence of other skin conditions simulating clinically and or histopathologically cutaneous lymphomas has been reported sporadically. Cases of inflammatory lesions of vitiligo and of...

Pseudolymphomas of the

Pseudolymphomas of the skin are benign lymphocytic proliferations that simulate cutaneous malignant lymphomas clinically and or histopathologically 1-5 . The term pseu-dolymphoma is not specific but is merely descriptive as it encompasses reactive skin conditions with different aetiologies, pathogeneses, clinicopathological presentations and behaviours. Cutaneous pseudolymphomas are traditionally divided into T- and B-cell pseudolymphomas according to the histopathological and...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Polar Body Biopsy

The advantages of polar body biopsy are that, first, it is ethically more acceptable to certain countries (e.g., Malta and Germany) where research and discarding embryos is prohibited. Second, the first and second polar bodies may not be required for further embryonic development and hence the viability of the oocytes and resulting embryos may be equally maintained. One disadvantage of polar body biopsy is that it can only be applied to diagnose maternally inherited diseases. Recombination and...

The Primary Ossification Center

The first sign of endochondral ossification is the multiplication and swelling of chondrocytes near the center of the model, forming a primary ossification center. As the lacunae enlarge, the matrix between them is reduced to thin walls and the model becomes weak at this point. It soon gets reinforcement, however. Some cells of the perichondrium become osteoblasts, which produce a bony collar around the model. This collar acts like a splint to provide temporary support for the model, and it...

Surface Features of Bones

Bone surfaces exhibit a variety of ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, and articular surfaces. It is important to know the names of these surface markings because later descriptions of joints, muscle attachments, and the routes traveled by nerves and blood vessels are based on this terminology. The terms for the most common of these features are listed in table 8.2, and several of them are illustrated in figure 8.2. The rest of this chapter is divided into four sections 1...

Muscles Acting on the Knee

The following muscles form most of the mass of the thigh and produce their most obvious actions on the knee joint. Some of them, however, cross both the hip and knee joints and produce actions at both, moving the femur, tibia, and fibula table 10.18 . The anterior compartment of the thigh contains the large quadriceps femoris muscle, the prime mover of knee extension and the most powerful muscle of the body figs. 10.32 and 10.33 . As the name implies, it has four heads the rectus femoris,...

Physiological Classes of Muscle Fibers

Not all muscle fibers are metabolically alike or adapted to perform the same task. Some respond slowly but are relatively resistant to fatigue, while others respond more quickly but also fatigue quickly table 11.3 . Each primary type of fiber goes by several names Slow oxidative SO , slow-twitch, red, or type I fibers. These fibers have relatively abundant mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries, and therefore a relatively deep red color. They are well adapted to aerobic respiration,...

Tight Junctions

A tight junction completely encircles an epithelial cell near its apex and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells, like the plastic harness on a six-pack of soda cans. Proteins in the membranes of two adjacent cells form a zipperlike Plasma membrane Membrane protein Intercellular space Plasma membrane Membrane protein Intercellular space Figure 5.29 Types of Intercellular Junctions. Which of these junctions allows material to pass from one cell directly into the next Figure 5.29 Types of...

Describe the pulmonary artery waveform

Perhaps the most noticeable change as the catheter tip enters the PA is the upstroke in diastolic pressure (Figure 26-2). Other features include a rapid upstroke, a progressive diastolic runoff, and a dicrotic notch secondary to pulmonic valve closure (Figure 26-3). Peak systole is found after the QRS complex but before the peak of the T wave. End diastole is found near the end of the QRS complex. Figure 26-2. Diastolic pressure increases as the pulmonary artery (PA) catheter tip crosses from...

Forehead and Midface Videoendoscopic Surgery

Ruth Graf, Daniele Pace, Luiz Roberto de Araujo Since the introduction of endoscopic brow lifting in the mid-1990s, videoendoscopic surgery has become widely accepted as a method for rejuvenation of the upper third of the face, mainly to achieve eyebrow and forehead elevation. It has many indications and it is performed to correct eyebrow ptosis and to treat glabellar rhytids created by corrugators, and depressor supercilii and procerus muscles. Several factors, including natural aging, facial...